The United States Senate
U.S. Senate
The U.S. Constitution provides that each state is equally represented in the Senate by two Senators, regardless of the state's population. This structure ensures that smaller states have an equal voice alongside larger states in the legislative process. It reflects the founders’ intent to balance state sovereignty with national unity.
To serve in the U.S. Senate, the Constitution requires a person to be at least 30 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for nine years, and be an inhabitant of the state they wish to represent. Senators are elected to six-year terms, with approximately one-third of the Senate up for election every two years. Disqualification may occur under the 14th Amendment if a person has engaged in insurrection after swearing an oath to uphold the Constitution.
- The oldest person ever elected to the U.S. Senate was Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, who was re-elected at age 93 and served until age 100.
- Robert Byrd of West Virginia was elected to the U.S. Senate more times than any other person, serving from 1959 to 2010 across nine full terms.
- In 1856, during a heated debate over slavery, Senator Charles Sumner was attacked on the Senate floor by Representative Preston Brooks, highlighting the deep divisions of the era and foreshadowing the Civil War.
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